Faces of security. Radicalization of prisoners as a challenge for the future of security of the Polish penitentiary institutions
Abstract
An issue that is essential to contemporary society is the question of state security and personal safety of the citizens. Therefore, the state has to deal with one of the most important threats, i.e. radicalization. The phenomenon of home-grown radicalism is known in Western European countries. The phenomenon of radicalization should not be identified solely with contemporary domestic Islamic terrorism. Radicalism is not limited to one ideology. The question about the process of acquiring extremist beliefs is one of the most important for political scientists, political psychologists, sociologists and criminologists. Wanting to deal with the etiology of the decision about a terrorist attack, the focus should be on the moment when potential terrorists start and undergo the process of radicalization. The article aims to signal the problem of radicalization in Polish penitentiary units. The authors do not provide the knowledge necessary to counteract this phenomenon in penitentiary units. However, they point to the definition problems, the theoretical model of radicalization, the place of radicalization in the European Union's policy. They also present the penitentiary unit as a place susceptible to radicalization. They formulate general remarks on combating radicalization among prisoners. They inform that the Prison Service should not be left alone in counteracting the radicalization of prisoners. It is an element of the state security system. It also cooperates with other entities in the rehabilitation of prisoners. The authors acknowledge that the way to prevent the negative effects of the radicalization process of prisoners is first of all training personnel in this field. It is also the fundamental issue to isolate prisoners who are a source of danger. In this area, the authors suggest that if the radical attitudes of prisoners are intensified, it is worth considering introducing legislative solutions facilitating faster and adequate operation of prison staff in such cases.
Keywords
Security; personal safety; radicalization; prison staff; prison’s security; terrorism
References
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[29] D. Szlachter, The role of special services and the army in combating terrorism [Rola
służb specjalnych i wojska w zwalczaniu terroryzmu], [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-
-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorism actions. Conference
materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych.
Materiały z konferencji] https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.
pdf, p. 46, (downloaded: 2019-01-07).
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M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-
-terrorism actions. Conference materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja
działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji] https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/
dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded: 2019-01-07).
[32] A. Zięba, D. Szlachter, Combating terrorism – fighting radicalization and recruitment of terrorists within the European Union. A case study of Muslim communities
[Zwalczanie terroryzmu – walka z radykalizacją postaw i werbowaniem terrorystów
na obszarze Unii Europejskiej. Studium przypadku społeczności muzułmańskich], [in:]
W. Fehler, K. Marczuk, European Union policy in the field of internal security. Conditions – implementation – challenges in the second decade of the 21st century [Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. Uwarunkowania
– realizacja – wyzwania w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku], Warsaw 2015.
[33] I. Veenkamp, Terrorism prevention – Coordination of acitons as the basis of effectiveness in fighting terrorism, [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting
terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorism actions. Conference materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji], https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded:
2019-01-07).
[34] Q. Wiktorowicz, Joining the Cause: Al-Muhajiroun and Radical Islam. Paper presented
at “The Roots of Islamic Radicalism, Conference, Yale University, 2004.
[35] Q. Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Lanham, Md.:
Lowman & Littlefield 2005
[36] https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/bezpiecze%C5%84stwo.html.
Legal acts
[37] The Council of the European Union, Annex III to the Draft Revised Guidelines to the
EU Strategy to Fight Radicalization and Recruitment of Terrorists, Brussels, 24 May
2017.
[38] The Council of the European Union, EU strategy in the field of counter-terrorism,
dated November 30, 2005, p. 3.
[39] The Council of the European Union, A draft of the revised EU strategy in the fight
against radicalization and recruitment of terrorists, 19 May 2014.
[40] EU strategy in the field of counter-terrorism, dated November 30, 2005,
[2] A.N. Awan, A. Hoskins, B. Loughlin, Radicalisation and Media: Connectivity and Terrorism in the New Media Ecology, London: Routledge, 2012.
[3] C. Bjorkman, Salafi-Jihadi Terrorism in Italy, [in:] M. Ranstorp, Understanding violent radicalisation. terrorist and Jihadist movements in Europe, London, 2010.
[4] R. Borkowski, Radicalization as an analytical cathegory in the profiling of terrorists. Security: theory and practice [Radykalizacja jako kategoria analityczna w profilowaniu terrorystów Bezpieczeństwo: teoria i praktyka], [in:] Czasopismo Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego” 8/4, 73–81, Krakow 2014.
[5] R. Borum, Understanding the terrorist mindset, “FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin”, 72 (7), 2003.
[6] A. Chańko, Education of intercultural competences of the staff of penitentiary institutions in Poland – the context of work with foreigners in prison isolation [Kształcenie kompetencji międzykulturowych kadry instytucji penitencjarnych w Polsce – kontekst pracy z obcokrajowcami przebywającymi w izolacji więziennej] in:] red. P. Barczyk, A. Barczyk, Psychological and therapeutic context of environmental work [Psychologicznyi terapeutyczny kontekst pracy środowiskowej], Wydawnictwo Górnośląskiej Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej im. Kard. Augusta Hlonda w Mysłowicach, Myslowice 2010.
[7] M. Chutnik, Culture shock. Causes, consequences, counteracting [Szok kulturowy. Przyczyny, konsekwencje, przeciwdziałanie]. Kraków 2007.
[8] F. Demant, M. Slootman, F. Buijs, J.Tillie, Decline, Disengagement: An Analysis of Processes of De-radicalisation, IMES Amsterdam, 2008.
[9] G. Fuchs, Expert’s intuition and environmental recognition of prisoners by Prison Service officers [Intuicja ekspercka i rozpoznawanie środowiska osadzonych przez funkcjonariuszy Służby Więziennej], [in:] J. Maciejewski, D. Hofman, A. Sokołowska „Cooperation of local government and disposable groups in ensuring the security of local communities” [„Współpraca samorządu terytorialnego oraz grup dyspozycyjnychw zapewnianiu bezpieczeństwa społeczności lokalnych”], Wroclaw 2017.
[10] A. Gołaś, Factors and determinants of the radicalization of Muslims in prisons. case study of Great Britain [Czynniki i uwarunkowania radykalizacji muzułmanów w za kładach karnych. studium przypadku Wielkiej Brytanii], [in:] E-Politikon. XXIII, Autumn 2017.
[11] M. Hamm, The Spectacular Few. Prisoner Radicalization and the Evolving Terrorist Threat, New York and London 2013.
[12] S. Hemmingsen, The danish approach to countering and preventing extremism andradicalization, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen 2015.
[13] P.P. Hernandez, Strategy for coordination of anti-terrorist activities, [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorist activities. Materials from the conference [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji], https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded: 2019-01-07).
[14] High-Level Commission Expert Group on Radicalisation (HLCEG-R) Final Report 18 May 2018.
[15] J. Horgan, K. Braddock, Rehabilitating the Terrorists? Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of Deradicalisation Programs, “Terrorism and Political Violence”, Vol. 22 (2010).
[16] M. Krzywicki, Theoretical basics of detecting the criminal environment of prisoners
[Podstawy teoretyczne rozpoznania kryminalnego środowiska osób osadzonych], [in:]M. Kozielska, Scientific-methodical review education for safety [Przegląd naukowo-metodyczny edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa], 3/2017 (36), Poznan 2017.
[17] Loftus M.E., Developing intuition to detect criminal minds – http://www.crime-safetysecurity.com/criminal-minds-intuition.html (downloaded: 2018-04-09).
[18] W.Mazurek, Guardianship in shaping the safety conditions for children and adolescents [Kuratela sadowa w kształtowaniu warunków bezpieczeństwa dzieci i młodzieży], WAM, Krakow 2014.
[19] J. Maciejewski, Groups in disposal. Sociological analysis. [Grupy dyspozycyjne. Analiza socjologiczna], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wroclaw 2014.
[20] M. Molenkamp, L. Wouterse, Ex post paper Triple P: Coordination and collaboration between police, prison and probation services in dealing with violent extremist and terrorist offenders, p. 1. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/about-ran/ran-p-and-p_en (downloaded: 2019-01-10).
[21] B. Milton, A Developmental Approach to Training Intercultural Sensitivity,”International Journal of Intercultural Relations”, no. 10(2).
[22] O. Nowaczyk, J. Maciejewski, Groups in disposal for the Polish society [Grupy dyspozycyjne społeczeństwa polskiego], Wroclaw 2006.
[23] W. Pływaczewski, J. Pomiankiewicz, Prisons as an element of the internal security system of the state – a Polish variant and international aspects [Więziennictwo jakoelement systemu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa – wariant polski i aspekty międzynarodowe]. „Przegląd Więziennictwa Polskiego” 2015, no. 82.
[24] A.S. Reber, E.S. Reber, Dictionary of Psychology [Słownik psychologii], Warsaw 2008.
[25] R. Rosa, Philosophy of personal and structural security [Filozofia bezpieczeństwa personalnego i strukturalnego], Wydawnictwo Akademii Obrony Narodowej, Warsaw 1993.
[26] P.Schmid, Radicalization, De-Radicalization, Counter-Radicalization: A Conceptual Discussion and Literature Review, ICCT Research Paper 2013kładach karnych. studium przypadku Wielkiej Brytanii], [in:] E-Politikon. XXIII, Autumn 2017.
[11] M. Hamm, The Spectacular Few. Prisoner Radicalization and the Evolving Terrorist Threat, New York and London 2013.
[12] S. Hemmingsen, The danish approach to countering and preventing extremism andradicalization, Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen 2015.
[13] P.P. Hernandez, Strategy for coordination of anti-terrorist activities, [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorist activities. Materials from the conference [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji], https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded: 2019-01-07).
[14] High-Level Commission Expert Group on Radicalisation (HLCEG-R) Final Report 18 May 2018.
[15] J. Horgan, K. Braddock, Rehabilitating the Terrorists? Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of Deradicalisation Programs, “Terrorism and Political Violence”, Vol. 22 (2010).
[16] M. Krzywicki, Theoretical basics of detecting the criminal environment of prisoners [Podstawy teoretyczne rozpoznania kryminalnego środowiska osób osadzonych], [in:]M. Kozielska, Scientific-methodical review education for safety [Przegląd naukowo-metodyczny edukacja dla bezpieczeństwa], 3/2017 (36), Poznan 2017.
[17] Loftus M.E., Developing intuition to detect criminal minds – http://www.crime-safetysecurity.com/criminal-minds-intuition.html (downloaded: 2018-04-09).
[18] W.Mazurek, Guardianship in shaping the safety conditions for children and adolescents [Kuratela sadowa w kształtowaniu warunków bezpieczeństwa dzieci i młodzieży], WAM, Krakow 2014.
[19] J. Maciejewski, Groups in disposal. Sociological analysis. [Grupy dyspozycyjne. Analiza socjologiczna], Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wroclaw 2014.
[20] M. Molenkamp, L. Wouterse, Ex post paper Triple P: Coordination and collaboration between police, prison and probation services in dealing with violent extremist and terrorist offenders, p. 1. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/radicalisation_awareness_network/about-ran/ran-p-and-p_en (downloaded: 2019-01-10).
[21] B. Milton, A Developmental Approach to Training Intercultural Sensitivity,”International Journal of Intercultural Relations”, no. 10(2).
[22] O. Nowaczyk, J. Maciejewski, Groups in disposal for the Polish society [Grupy dyspozycyjne społeczeństwa polskiego], Wroclaw 2006.
[23] W. Pływaczewski, J. Pomiankiewicz, Prisons as an element of the internal security system of the state – a Polish variant and international aspects [Więziennictwo jako element systemu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa – wariant polski i aspekty międzynarodowe]. „Przegląd Więziennictwa Polskiego” 2015, no. 82.
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służb specjalnych i wojska w zwalczaniu terroryzmu], [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-
-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorism actions. Conference
materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych.
Materiały z konferencji] https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.
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M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting terrorism. Coordination of anti-
-terrorism actions. Conference materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja
działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji] https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/
dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded: 2019-01-07).
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[Zwalczanie terroryzmu – walka z radykalizacją postaw i werbowaniem terrorystów
na obszarze Unii Europejskiej. Studium przypadku społeczności muzułmańskich], [in:]
W. Fehler, K. Marczuk, European Union policy in the field of internal security. Conditions – implementation – challenges in the second decade of the 21st century [Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego. Uwarunkowania
– realizacja – wyzwania w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku], Warsaw 2015.
[33] I. Veenkamp, Terrorism prevention – Coordination of acitons as the basis of effectiveness in fighting terrorism, [in:] M. Adamczuk, K. Rypulak-Mirowska, Counteracting
terrorism. Coordination of anti-terrorism actions. Conference materials [Przeciwdziałanie terroryzmowi. Koordynacja działań antyterrorystycznych. Materiały z konferencji], https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/dokumenty/terroryzm_publik08.pdf, (downloaded:
2019-01-07).
[34] Q. Wiktorowicz, Joining the Cause: Al-Muhajiroun and Radical Islam. Paper presented
at “The Roots of Islamic Radicalism, Conference, Yale University, 2004.
[35] Q. Wiktorowicz, Radical Islam Rising: Muslim Extremism in the West, Lanham, Md.:
Lowman & Littlefield 2005
[36] https://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/bezpiecze%C5%84stwo.html.
Legal acts
[37] The Council of the European Union, Annex III to the Draft Revised Guidelines to the
EU Strategy to Fight Radicalization and Recruitment of Terrorists, Brussels, 24 May
2017.
[38] The Council of the European Union, EU strategy in the field of counter-terrorism,
dated November 30, 2005, p. 3.
[39] The Council of the European Union, A draft of the revised EU strategy in the fight
against radicalization and recruitment of terrorists, 19 May 2014.
[40] EU strategy in the field of counter-terrorism, dated November 30, 2005,
Mazurek, W. (2021). Faces of security. Radicalization of prisoners as a challenge for the future of security of the Polish penitentiary institutions. Resocjalizacja Polska, (22), 227-253. https://doi.org/10.22432/rp.398
Witold Mazurek
Akademia Ignatianum in Krakow Poland
Akademia Ignatianum in Krakow Poland
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